Prostate cancer remains one of the most common cancers among men, affecting the walnut-sized gland located just below the bladder. While it may sound alarming, understanding the early signs and available treatment options can make a significant difference in managing this condition.

What is Prostate Cancer?

The prostate, part of the male reproductive system, plays a crucial role in producing semen. When cells in the prostate gland begin to grow uncontrollably, it leads to prostate cancer. Age, family history, and ethnicity are among the factors that might increase the risk.

Signs and symptoms

Recognizing the signs early can greatly impact the outcome. Hence it is crucial to kKeep an eye out for difficulties in urination, blood in urine or semen, or persistent pain in the back, hips, or pelvis. However, in its early stages, prostate cancer might not exhibit any symptoms, which makes regular screenings crucial.

Early Detection Methods

Screening for prostate cancer typically involves a PSA blood test and a digital rectal exam. The PSA test measures the levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood, while the rectal exam allows the doctor to physically assess the prostate for abnormalities. These tests can detect potential issues early, offering a better chance at successful treatment.

Understanding Diagnosis

If these tests show any abnormalities, further tests, like biopsies, will be conducted for confirmation. A biopsy is the removal of a small sample of prostate tissue for microscopic examination. While the process might seem intimidating, it’s pivotal in determining the presence of cancerous cells.

Treatment Options

Active Surveillance

For cases where the cancer is slow-growing and less aggressive, active surveillance might be recommended with regular check-ups and monitoring the cancer’s progression to determine if treatment becomes necessary.

Surgery

Surgery, known as a radical prostatectomy, involves removing the prostate gland. It’s a common treatment, especially for localised cancer. While it’s effective, there might be side effects like urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, which can improve with time and therapy.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy, using high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells, can be delivered externally or through implanted radioactive seeds (brachytherapy). It’s a non-invasive option that offers promising results, though it may cause side effects like fatigue or urinary problems.

Hormone Therapy

In some cases, hormone therapy is used to slow cancer growth by reducing testosterone levels. While effective, it might lead to side effects such as hot flashes and loss of libido.

Lifestyle and Supportive Care

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet is crucial in managing prostate cancer. Additionally, seeking support from counsellors or support groups can greatly aid in coping with the emotional aspects of the diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusion

Early detection through regular screenings and understanding available treatment options significantly improves the chances of successful prostate cancer management. Remember, consulting healthcare professionals and staying informed about one’s health are key to navigating this journey.

References:

• Prostate Cancer – Early-Stage

https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/prostate-cancer

• What Is Prostate Cancer?

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/prostate-cancer/about/what-is-prostate-cancer.html

• Basic Information About Prostate Cancer

https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/basic_info/index.htm

• Prostate Cancer Treatment

https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/patient/prostate-treatment-pdq

• Prostate cancer

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/

• Prostate cancer

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer

Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma, is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease. Detecting liver cancer in its early stages can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival. To increase awareness and promote early diagnosis, it is crucial to recognize the warning signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of liver cancer. In this blog, we will explore the early indicators of liver cancer, empowering individuals to seek timely medical attention and potentially saving lives.

What is liver cancer?

Liver cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the liver cells. It occurs when normal cells in the liver undergo genetic mutations, leading to uncontrolled growth and the formation of tumours. Liver cancer is a serious condition that can disrupt the normal functioning of the liver and potentially spread to other parts of the body. 

Signs and symptoms of liver cancer

• Unexplained Weight Loss: One of the early warning signs of liver cancer is unexplained weight loss. If you have unintentionally lost a significant amount of weight without making any changes to your diet or exercise routine, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional.
• Fatigue and Weakness: Persistent fatigue and weakness can be indicative of liver cancer. If you constantly feel exhausted, lack energy, or experience a decline in physical strength, it is crucial to investigate the underlying cause, including the possibility of liver cancer.
  
  
• Abdominal Pain and Swelling: Liver cancer can cause abdominal pain, discomfort, or tenderness. Some individuals may also experience abdominal swelling or a feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen.
• Jaundice: Jaundice is a condition characterised by yellowing of the skin and eyes. Liver cancer can obstruct the bile duct, leading to the accumulation of bilirubin, which causes the yellowish discoloration. If you notice yellowing of your skin or eyes, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider promptly.
• Changes in Appetite and Digestion: Liver cancer can affect the digestive system, leading to changes in appetite and digestion. Some individuals may experience a loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or changes in bowel habits.
• Unusual Bleeding: Liver cancer can impact blood clotting factors, leading to abnormal bleeding. You may notice unusual bleeding, such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or excessive bruising. Additionally, women may experience heavy or irregular menstrual periods.
• Skin Itching: Liver cancer can cause generalised itching, medically known as pruritus. If you experience persistent and unexplained itching, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider to identify the underlying cause.
• Changes in the Colour of Stool and Urine: Liver cancer can affect the production and excretion of bile, leading to changes in the colour of stool and urine. Stool may appear pale or clay-coloured, while urine may become darker or have a deep amber colour. If you notice such changes, it is important to bring them to the attention of a healthcare professional.

Lastly, it is important to stay vigilant and pay attention to any persistent or concerning signs related to liver health. While these symptoms may not always indicate liver cancer, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis. Early detection is key to effectively managing liver cancer and improving outcomes, so don’t hesitate to seek prompt medical attention if you or someone you know experiences any warning signs.

References:

• Liver cancer
  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659
• Signs and Symptoms of Liver Cancer
  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/liver-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html 
• Liver Cancer
  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9418-liver-cancer

 

Ovarian cancer is a serious deadly disease that affects thousands of women around the world each year. Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries, the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. This type of cancer occurs when cells in the ovaries begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumours. 

Ovarian cancer is particularly dangerous because it often goes undetected until it has already spread to other parts of the body. Despite ongoing research efforts, there is still much that is not known about ovarian cancer, including its causes and how to effectively treat it. In this article, we will explore the symptoms, causes and what women can do to reduce their risk of developing this cancer.

Symptoms of ovarian cancer

In the early stages, ovarian cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild and easily confused with other conditions. However, as the cancer grows and spreads, women may experience the following symptoms:

1. Abdominal bloating or swelling: Women with ovarian cancer may experience persistent bloating or swelling in the abdomen that does not go away with diet or exercise.
2. Pelvic pain or discomfort: Women with ovarian cancer may experience persistent pelvic pain or discomfort, which may feel like a dull ache or a sharp pain.
3. Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly: Women with ovarian cancer may have a reduced appetite or feel full more quickly than usual.
4. Changes in bowel habits: Women with ovarian cancer may experience changes in their bowel habits, such as constipation or diarrhoea.

Frequent urination: Women with ovarian cancer may need to urinate more frequently than usual or have a sudden urge to urinate.

Causes and risk factors of ovarian cancer

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but there are several factors that can increase a woman’s risk of developing the disease. These include:

1. Age: The risk of ovarian cancer increases as a woman gets older, with most cases occurring in women over 50 years of age.
2. Family history: Women who have a first-degree relative (such as a mother, sister, or daughter) who has had ovarian cancer have an increased risk of developing the disease.
3. Inherited gene mutations: Certain inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
4. Personal history of breast cancer: Women who have had breast cancer may have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
5. Hormone therapy: Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or fertility drugs may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
6. Endometriosis: Women who have endometriosis (a condition where the tissue that lines the uterus grows outside of it) may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
7. Reproductive history: Women who have never had children or who had their first child after the age of 35 may have a slightly increased risk of ovarian cancer.
8. Obesity: Women who are overweight or obese may have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.

It is important to note that having one or more risk factors does not mean that a woman will definitely develop ovarian cancer, and many women with ovarian cancer have no known risk factors. However, if you have any of these risk factors, it is important to discuss them with your healthcare provider and consider screening and preventive measures.

Prevention of ovarian cancer

While there is no surefire way to prevent ovarian cancer, there are steps women can take to reduce their risk of developing the disease. Here are some ways to potentially lower your risk of ovarian cancer:

1. Birth control pills: Taking birth control pills for five years or more can lower the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
2. Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Women who have been pregnant and breastfed their babies have a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.
3. Tubal ligation or hysterectomy: Surgical procedures such as tubal ligation (tying the tubes) or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
4. Healthy diet and exercise: Eating a healthy diet   and regular exercise can help in preventing any cancer at bay.

Ovarian cancer is a condition that might have an adverse effect on a person’s life for a long time. We must never stop informing ourselves and others on the dangers, signs, and accessible treatments. Also, we must keep up our support for those who are battling this illness.  We can defeat ovarian cancer and work towards a better future for all by teaming together as a community.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India, accounting for 27.6% of all cancers in women. Early detection and prevention of breast cancer can help reduce the risk of developing the disease and can also improve the chances of successful treatment.

In this blog, we will discuss the significance of early detection and prevention, as well as learn about early signs and symptoms and preventive measures.

What are the early signs of breast cancer?

Breast cancer symptoms vary from person to person. The following are possible signs of breast cancer.

• A painless lump or thickening in or near the breasts or underarms 
• Changes in breast size or shape 
• Dimpling of the breast skin 
• Tenderness and/or nipple discharge
• Redness, scaliness, or thickening of the breast or nipple skin 
• Breast swelling (complete or partial) 
• A rash on or around the nipple

However, some people do not notice any signs of breast cancer. Getting regular screenings is thus the most important step in the early detection and prevention of breast cancer.

What are the preventive measures for breast cancer?

Women should begin getting regular mammograms at age 40 and should continue to get them every year or two. Mammograms can detect breast cancer in its early stages, when it is most treatable.

In addition to regular screenings, there are other steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.

Preventive measures for breast cancer include the following:

Regular self-exams

Women should regularly self-examine their breasts to look for any changes. 

Clinical breast exams

Women should have a clinical breast exam every three years beginning at the age of 20 and annually after the age of 40.

Healthy lifestyle

Women should maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, limit alcohol consumption, and avoid smoking. 

Avoid hormone therapy

Women should avoid hormone therapy, such as oestrogen and progesterone, unless absolutely necessary. 

Avoid radiation exposure

Women should avoid unnecessary radiation exposure, such as from X-rays and CT scans. 

Breastfeeding

Women should breastfeed their babies for at least six months, as breastfeeding is known to significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer. 

Avoid long-term use of birth control pills

Women should avoid taking birth control pills for more than five years, as long-term use has been linked with a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer.

Avoid environmental toxins

Women should avoid exposure to environmental toxins, such as pesticides and air pollution. 

Being aware of family history

Women should also be aware of their family history of breast cancer. If a woman has a family history of the disease, she should talk to her doctor about her risk and what steps she can take to reduce it.

Finally, women should be aware of the signs and symptoms of breast cancer. These include a lump in the breast, changes in the size or shape of the breast, changes in the skin of the breast, nipple discharge, and pain in the breast. If any of these symptoms are present, it is important to see a doctor right away.

Early detection and prevention of breast cancer are keys to successful treatment. By getting regular screenings, eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and being aware of the signs and symptoms of the disease, women can reduce their risk of developing breast cancer and improve their chances of a successful treatment.

Breast cancer develops when cells in your breast multiply and grow out of control, resulting in a mass of tissue known as a tumour. Breast cancer symptoms can include the presence of a lump(s) in the breast, changes in breast size, or changes in the skin around your breasts.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, accounting for 14% of all cancers in Indian women. Breast cancer survival rates in India are low because the disease is diagnosed late, and the only way to change this is by raising public awareness.

October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, a yearly campaign to raise awareness of the effects of breast cancer. On this occasion, let us dispel eight common myths concerning breast cancer.

Myth #1

If you have a lump in your breast, you have breast cancer.

Although a lump in the breast is a common sign of breast cancer, not all lumps are cancerous growths. They may also develop as a result of a cyst (fluid buildup) or a fibroadenoma, a non-cancerous tissue growth.

However, if you discover a new persistent lump in your breast or notice any changes in breast tissue, it should never be ignored. It is critical that you see a physician for a clinical breast exam. 

Myth #2

Only women are affected by breast cancer.

Breast cancer is commonly thought to affect only women, but men can develop it in rare cases, and it typically affects men over 60 years of age.

Male breast cancer symptoms include a hard, painless lump in the breast, nipple discharge, a sore or rash around the nipple that does not go away, and small bumps in the armpit.

Myth #3

A mammogram can lead to the spread of breast cancer.

Breast compression during a mammogram cannot cause cancer to spread. A mammogram, on the other hand, is a reliable tool that aids in the diagnosis and early detection of breast cancer. 

Mammograms require very small doses of radiation, and the risk of harm from this radiation exposure is extremely low. 

It is advised that women aged 40 and older who have one or more risk factors for breast cancer, such as a family history or a genetic mutation (such as in the BRCA gene), undergo annual breast cancer screenings. However, seek the advice of an oncologist and choose what is best for you.

Myth #4

Breast cancer is contagious and spreads through physical contact.

Breast cancer develops as a result of mutated cells growing out of control and spreading to nearby tissues. It is not contagious and you cannot catch breast cancer or transfer it to someone else through mere physical contact. 

However, you can lower your risk of developing breast cancer if you have one or more risk factors by seeking medical advice and following the guidelines for breast cancer screening.

Myth #5

If the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations are found in your DNA, you will undoubtedly develop breast cancer.

Though having mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes increases the risk of developing breast cancer, it is not a definitive cause. 

Studies have shown that not every woman with a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation will develop breast and/or ovarian cancer, but a woman with an inherited harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation is about five times more likely to get breast cancer than a woman without such a mutation.

There are several proactive steps that can be taken by people who find out they have the harmful mutation to lower their risk, such as hormonal therapy or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy.

Myth #6

Using antiperspirants and deodorants can lead to breast cancer.

Antiperspirants and deodorants contain aluminium-based compounds as active ingredients, which are known to have oestrogen-like hormonal effects that may contribute to the development of breast cancer.

There is, however, no conclusive evidence that aluminium exposure increases the risk of developing breast cancer, and no studies have found any significant adverse effects of aluminium that could help explain this.

Myth #7

Women without a family history of breast cancer are not at risk.

The risk of developing breast cancer is generally lower for women who do not have a family history of the disease. However, the risk cannot be ruled out because the majority of women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a family history of the disease. 

Regardless of family history, it is important to talk with a healthcare provider about recommended mammography screening schedules and schedule regular screenings because age and gender both contribute significantly to the risk of developing breast cancer.

Myth #8

The only treatment option for breast cancer is mastectomy.

Although breast surgery is the most common form of treatment for breast cancer, mastectomy (removal of the entire breast) is not the only option.

Breast conserving surgery, or lumpectomy, is another surgical procedure that may be used to treat early-stage breast cancer that has smaller cancerous tumours. The procedure entails the removal of the cancerous lump and a portion of the surrounding healthy tissue, along with one or more armpit lymph nodes. Although a lumpectomy helps to preserve breast tissue, it is required to be followed-up with radiation therapy to mitigate the risk of a relapse.

The type of surgical procedure, however, is determined by individual patient factors, and the breast surgeon would choose one of the breast surgery options based on whether a lumpectomy with radiation treatment would provide the same prognosis as a mastectomy.

References:

• Breast Cancer Myths https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/what-is-breast-cancer/
• Breast Cancer Myths https://www.missionrmc.org/services/breast-care-center/breast-cancer-myths/

What is the pancreas?

The pancreas is an elongated, tapered organ located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It is part of the digestive system and functions as an organ and a gland.

It is made up of two major components-the exocrine and endocrine components. The exocrine component makes specialised proteins called enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help the body digest and break down food.

The endocrine component makes specific hormones called insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Insulin and glucagon help control the amount of sugar in the blood, while the other hormones play an important role in regulating the body’s metabolism.

What is pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer develops when mutations in pancreatic cells cause them to multiply uncontrollably, resulting in a mass of tissue known as a tumour. 

What are the types of pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer can be divided into two categories based on where the tumour originates from, namely, exocrine pancreatic cancer and neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer. Each category has several types of cancer that may differ in their symptoms and prognosis.

Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer

Exocrine pancreatic cancers account for more than 95 percent of all pancreatic cancers. They develop from the exocrine cells that are composed of the exocrine gland and pancreatic ducts.

The following are the different types of exocrine pancreatic cancer:

• Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma, also known as ductal carcinoma, develops in the lining of the pancreatic ducts and is the most common type of pancreatic cancer that accounts for more than 90 percent of pancreatic cancers. 

However, the cancerous growth may also develop from the cells that create pancreatic enzymes, called acinar cell carcinoma, which accounts for 1 to 2 percent of exocrine cancers. 

Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss, skin rash, and joint pain. 

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is an extremely rare type of exocrine cancer that forms in the pancreatic ducts. It is entirely made up of squamous cells, which are not typically seen in the pancreas, indicating the metastatic stage of the disease with a poor prognosis.

• Adenosquamous Carcinoma

Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare type of pancreatic cancer that has the characteristics of both ductal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for about 1 to 4 percent of exocrine pancreatic cancers. Compared to adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma is a more aggressive tumour with a poorer prognosis.

• Colloid Carcinoma 

Colloid carcinoma is another rare type that accounts for about 1 to 3 per cent of exocrine pancreatic cancers. This type of cancer is less likely to spread to other organs, is easier to treat, and thus has a better prognosis.

Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer

Endocrine tumours are also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs) or islet cell tumours. They are much less common than exocrine tumours, accounting for about 7 percent of all pancreatic cancers. 

A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour can be functioning (produces hormones) or nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones). Functioning neuroendocrine tumours are named based on the type of hormone produced. 

The following are the different types of functional endocrine tumours and the respective hormones produced by them:

• Insulinoma (Insulin)
• Glucagonoma (Glucagon)
• Gastrinoma (Gastrin)
• Somatostatinoma (Somatostatin)
• VIPomas (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
• PPomas (Pancreatic Polypeptide)

Pancreatic cancer is very difficult to detect as the pancreas is located deep within your abdomen and is surrounded by many other organs, and detecting a tumour through a routine physical exam is highly unlikely. As a result, most pancreatic cancers are detected in their advanced stages after the cancer has spread to other organs.

After determining the type and stage of the cancer, treatment options are considered in accordance with the treatment protocols. While less advanced cancers may only require less invasive options, pancreatic cancer in its advanced stages frequently requires palliative treatment options. 

References:

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21743-pancreas#:~:text=The%20pancreas%20is%20an%20organ%20and%20a%20gland.,of%20sugar%20in%20your%20bloodstream.
• https://columbiasurgery.org/pancreas/pancreas-and-its-functions
• https://www.healthline.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/staging#stages
• https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/introduction
• https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/types
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/pancreatic-cancer/pancreatic-cancer-types#:~:text=Pancreatic%20cancer%20types%20can%20be,in%20their%20symptoms%20and%20prognosis.

One of the most common myths about any type of cancer is that it will show symptoms in its early stages. According to a recent hospital-based study from northern India, 90% of lung cancer patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. This delay in diagnostic evaluation leads to a delay in treatment. Delays in diagnosis and treatment eventually result in an increase in the mortality rate. Early detection will not only reduce mortality but will also improve quality of life after treatment.

Who is advised to get an early screening?

Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. As a result, those who smoke or used to smoke but do not currently exhibit any symptoms of lung cancer are at an increased risk of developing the disease. Therefore, early lung cancer screening is recommended for people who smoke or used to smoke, who have been exposed to secondhand smoke or radon gas, and those who have inhaled particulate matter( pollution, asbestos, etc.) for a long period of time in their lives.

How is Lung Cancer Diagnosed?

Any abnormal growth of cells or the presence of tumours can be found in medical studies, which include:

• Medical history and physical exam

 In order to learn about symptoms and potential risk factors, the doctor will enquire about the patient’s medical history. Additional tests, such as imaging and biopsies, may be carried out to ascertain whether lung cancer is present if the physical examination raises any concerns.

•  Chest x-ray 

As a first step in ruling out lung cancer, doctors use these tests. An X-ray will show any tumour as a grey-white mass, and it is difficult to determine if it is cancerous or not. More tests might be ordered by the doctor if anything unusual is found.

• Low dose CT Scans (LDCT)

A procedure that creates a series of precise images of various locations inside the body using a computer connected to an x-ray equipment that emits a very low dose of radiation. The images, which are obtained from various angles, are then used to provide 3-D depictions of the tissues and organs. 

• Computed tomography (CT) scan

In a CT scan, X-rays are used to do detailed imaging. A CT scan can quickly identify a lung tumour and also reveal its shape, size, and location. A CT scan can also show whether lung cancer has spread elsewhere.

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

MRI uses radio waves and string magnets rather than X-rays to produce detailed images of the body’s soft tissues.

• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

FDG, a type of radioactive sugar, is injected into the circulation and is taken up by the cells. More sugar tends to be absorbed by cancerous cells than by healthy cells. This helps in separating tumours from healthy cells.

• PET/CT scan

The doctor obtains a comprehensive image of the sites with increased radioactivity using a PET scan and a CT scan. This type of scan is able to evaluate how far cancer has spread and how successfully the current course of treatment is working. 

• Needle biopsy

A hollow needle is inserted in a suspicious area to get a small sample of the tissue, which is then studied under a microscope for the presence of tumours. Biopsies don’t involve any surgical incisions and are minimally invasive.

Cancer can result in the loss of health, confidence, time, and money for an individual. In advanced stages of cancer, life becomes very unpredictable. One might lose the courage to fight the battle over time. But early detection can increase the chances of victory against cancer. One can preserve their good health while eradicating cancer with minimal treatment approaches. Early detection will enhance the quality of life after treatment. Therefore, it is recommended to get screened for cancer within a span of 2 years.

References:

• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
• https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-what-causes
• https://moffitt.org/cancers/lung-cancer/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-small-cell-lung-cancer-non-small-cell-lung-cancer/
• https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/lung-cancer/stages
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-treatmen
• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

What is Lung Cancer?

When healthy cells in our body grow and multiply haphazardly, it leads to the formation of lumps or tumours. These can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Lung cancer results from malignant tumours in the lungs. Lung cancer accounts for more than 25 percent of all cancer-related deaths, making it the most common malignancy.

Based on the appearance of cells under the microscope, lung cancer can be of two types:

• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): It is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of all cases. It can be further classified into the following:
  • Adenocarcinoma: It forms in the outer parts of the lungs and grows slowly.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma: It develops in one of the lung’s airways (bronchi). It grows very slowly.
  • Large cell carcinoma: It grows rapidly and spreads faster than other non-small cell lung cancers. It is found in rare cases.

• Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): It is a less common type of lung cancer, comprising only 15% of all cases. It is also known as oat cancer. As the name indicates, small circular cells are found under the microscope. It is typically found in the bronchi of the lungs. Small cell lung cancer can be further classified as: 

• Small cell carcinoma: Cells look flat under the microscope.

Combined Small Cell Carcinoma: The tumour in this type consists of cells from small cell carcinoma and some non-small cell lung cancers.

What are Stages of Lung Cancer?

There are different stages for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer(SCLC).

NSCLC can be categorised into 6 stages.

• Occult stage: It is a hidden stage where imaging cannot detect the location or size of the tumour. It is usually the earliest stage where cancer hasn’t spread to other parts. However, sputum may reveal the presence of cancer cells.

• Stage 0: Abnormal cells can be detected in the lining of air passages, which can later turn into cancerous cells.

• Stage 1: The size of the tumour is about 3-4 cm. It is found only in the lungs and is not spread to other parts of the body.

• Stage 2: The size of the tumour is 5 cm or more. Additional tumours can be found in the same or different lobes of the lungs. 
• Stage 3: Cancer has spread to the adjacent organs such as chest wall, diaphragm or the nerve that controls the diaphragm, etc.

• Stage 4: The tumour is of any size and has spread to other organs. It has reached at least one organ far away from the lungs, like the kidney, liver, or brain.

SCLC can be categorised as follows:

• Limited-stage SCLC: The cancer has reached only one area of the chest.
• Extensive-stage SCLC: The cancer has spread throughout the lung or metastasized to another lung or spread to other organs like bones, liver, brain, etc.

What are the Symptoms of Lung Cancer?

Symptoms of lung cancer are:

• Pain or discomfort in the chest
• Lumps/enlarged lymph nodes in the lower neck

• Cough that persists and worsens

• Change in voice, hoarseness

• Wheezing

• Blood in sputum

• Difficulty in swallowing

• Swelling of veins in the neck and face

• Loss of Appetite

• Unexplained weight loss

• Fatigue

In severe cases, when it spreads to other parts of the body, it can also cause bone pain, confusion, seizures, and paralysis.

What Causes Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer is caused by breathing in toxic substances. Some of the toxic substances that cause lung cancer are:

• Cigarettes: It causes about 90% of all lung cancer cases. It consists of 250 harmful chemicals, of which 69 can cause cancer. People who don’t smoke are at a 20–30 percent higher risk of getting lung cancer when exposed to cigarette smoke(secondhand smoke).

• E-Cigarettes: These are electronic cigarettes containing nicotine, another toxic substance that can cause lung cancer.

• Radon: It is found in soil or rocks and emits radiation.This gas is tasteless, odourless, and colourless. It is the second biggest cause of lung cancer after cigarettes.

• Particle pollution: Toxic chemicals when inhaled are trapped inside the lungs, causing lung cancer. It occurs in people who are exposed to low quality air, which is usually present around industries that emit toxic gases into the atmosphere.

• Genes: Around 8% of lung cancers are caused when mutated genes are passed down from one generation to another.

There is no proven method to prevent lung cancer, but by inculcating a few healthy habits in daily life, like eating nutritious meals, exercising daily, and avoiding the above mentioned toxic substances, one can reduce the risk of its occurrence. Quitting smoking will definitely reduce the risk of lung cancer and many other diseases.

References:

• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
• https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-what-causes
• https://moffitt.org/cancers/lung-cancer/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-small-cell-lung-cancer-non-small-cell-lung-cancer/
• https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/lung-cancer/stages
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-treatment

Lung cancer was detected in more than 2.2 million people in the year 2020 worldwide. It is the most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women. The most common cancer in the world will certainly have some myths among people. Some of them are as follows:

Smoking is the only cause of Lung Cancer

Smoking is one of the biggest risk factors for lung cancer, accounting for about 90% of lung cancer cases. But it is not the only reason people get lung cancer. Non-smokers are also diagnosed with lung cancer due to various other factors such as exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, carcinogens like asbestos and arsenic, infections like HIV, genetic factors, etc.

The risk cannot be lowered in any way

There are numerous ways to reduce the risk of lung cancer, including quitting smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke, radon gas, carcinogens such as asbestos and arsenic, and instilling healthy habits in daily life such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and so on.

Lung Cancer occurs only in the older population

Approximately 10% of lung cancer cases in people occur under the age of 55, despite the average age of diagnosis being 70. Children can develop lung cancer too. Common cancers affecting people under the age of 35 are known as adenocarcinoma. Younger adults tend to recuperate more quickly than older adults with the same type and stage of cancer, despite the fact that their cancer is more advanced at the time of initial diagnosis.

Pollution accounts for more lung cancer cases than smoking

Lung cancer risk was found to be positively correlated with exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter. Even though pollution is a risk factor for lung cancer, it cannot overtake smoking as the leading cause of the disease. In comparison to any of these factors considered separately, the combination of pollution and smoking may turn out to be significantly more harmful to health.

Quitting is of no use to people who have smoked their entire lives

Smoking cessation can not only help to reduce the risk of lung cancer but also improve the quality of life. Quitting smoking is always preferable, regardless of how much or how long one has smoked. Even after a diagnosis of lung cancer, quitting can improve the effectiveness of therapy, boost survival, reduce the adverse effects of the medication, and speed up the healing process after surgery.

Surgery for lung cancer causes the disease to spread

No, having lung cancer surgery does not cause it to spread. Surgery is advised in the early stages of lung cancer to halt the spread by removing the growing tumour. If the cancer is in its advanced stage, then adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy or immunotherapy before surgery can significantly reduce the risk of having cancer cells in the blood. These treatment approaches increase the survival rate and reduce mortality.

Lung Cancer will always show symptoms

Unfortunately, this is not true. Lung cancer can be found in people who are completely asymptomatic or who have mild respiratory symptoms. This is one of the key reasons why lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals is crucial. Early diagnosis of lung cancer can improve the survival rates. Most patients are diagnosed with lung cancer in the later stages because there are no symptoms in the initial stages.

Every case of lung cancer is fatal

Early detection of lung cancer increases survival rates upto 60%. Even more advanced lung cancer cases now have a significantly better chance of long-term survival in some cases like in adenocarcinomas (cancer that starts in the mucous glands).

Antioxidant supplements protect against lung cancer

Although some studies suggest that various dietary antioxidants, like carotenoids and vitamin C, may offer protection against lung cancer, the overall conclusions are not entirely clear.

Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Is Safe

Vaping or using e-cigarettes is less dangerous than smoking, but it’s still not safe. Additionally, it could make lung cancer more prevalent.

By taking certain precautions, such as avoiding exposure to carcinogens by wearing masks or protective clothing, having the home tested for radon gas, quitting smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke, eating a healthy diet, and exercising on a regular basis, one can lower their risk of developing lung cancer.

References:

• 13 myths about lung cancer (medicalnewstoday.com)
• 6 Common Lung Cancer Myths And Facts That Everyone Should Know | MrMed
• Myths and Facts: How much do you know about lung cancer? : Jupiter Hospital

Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that usually develops in the squamous cells on the surface of the tongue. The symptoms usually include persistent ulcers or sores on the surface of the tongue, pain, and redness, among others.

The following are some of the most frequently asked questions about tongue cancer.

How can I know if I have tongue cancer? What are the early signs?

A painful lump or sore on the side of the tongue that bleeds easily and refuses to heal is one of the early indicators of tongue cancer. Other signs of tongue cancer may include the following:

• Persistent red or white patches on the tongue
• Persistent numbness and soreness in the mouth and throat
• Pain during swallowing
• Burning sensation of the tongue
• A lump in the neck
• Unexplained bleeding from the tongue

If you have any of the above symptoms or are at a higher risk of developing tongue cancer due to one or more risk factors, you should see a doctor and get regular dental check-ups.

Is tongue cancer painful?

Not all symptoms of tongue cancer may be associated with pain. However, pain in the mouth or tongue is a commonly observed symptom. Other painful symptoms include:

• Persistent pain in the mouth
• Speaking, chewing, or swallowing difficulties
• A painful or irritated throat that persists after a few days
• Pain in the neck or ears
• A persistent sensation of something stuck in the throat

Who is at risk of developing tongue cancer?

While anyone can get tongue cancer, some factors have been linked to an increased risk, including:

• Tobacco and alcohol abuse: People who consume large amounts of alcohol and smoke have a 30 times greater risk of developing tongue cancer than those who do not.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: HPV16 is often linked to oropharyngeal cancers, particularly those in the tonsils and at the base of the tongue.
• Gender: Men are twice as likely as women to have oral and oropharyngeal cancers.
• Age: Oral cancer is most commonly observed in people aged 55 or older. 

Genetic conditions: Certain genetic conditions, such as Fanconi anemia and Dyskeratosis congenital (rare conditions that affect the bone marrow), have a very high risk of developing mouth cancer.

How frequently should I get screened for tongue cancer?

Adults over the age of 20 should be screened every three years, and those over the age of 40 should be screened annually.

People with risk factors for mouth cancer, such as tobacco smoking, high alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and/or a family history of cancer, must get an annual oral cancer screening.

Early detection of oral cancer improves your chances of successful treatment. Hence, it is recommended to have regular oral cancer screenings that examine the entire mouth.

Is Tongue Cancer Treatable?

Tongue cancer is curable when detected early. Over time, the tumor may metastasize and spread to other parts of the mouth, other areas of the head and neck, or other parts of the body, and hence can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The treatment option may include any one or a combination of the following:

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Targeted therapy

Do treatments for tongue cancer cause side effects?

Treatments for tongue cancer may cause problems with your speech and difficulty eating and drinking. These could be permanent changes for some people.

Side effects differ from one person to another. However, a few of the most commonly occurring side effects are listed below:

• Fatigue
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Soreness of the mouth and throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Dry mouth
• Hoarseness of voice
• Altered sense of smell
• Changes in taste

How long do the side effects last?

The duration of side effects from oral cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the disease and the type of treatment. 

Some adverse effects may only last a few weeks or months, while others could last the rest of the patient’s life. If a feeding tube is needed following therapy, it may be removed after the patient is able to eat on his or her own. However, some speech difficulties may remain permanent.

References:

• https://moffitt.org/cancers/oral-cavity-or-throat-cancer/faqs/
• https://bit.ly/3MLE8DO
• https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/treatment/radiotherapy/side-effects