What is the pancreas?

The pancreas is an elongated, tapered organ located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It is part of the digestive system and functions as an organ and a gland.

It is made up of two major components-the exocrine and endocrine components. The exocrine component makes specialised proteins called enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help the body digest and break down food.

The endocrine component makes specific hormones called insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Insulin and glucagon help control the amount of sugar in the blood, while the other hormones play an important role in regulating the body’s metabolism.

What is pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer develops when mutations in pancreatic cells cause them to multiply uncontrollably, resulting in a mass of tissue known as a tumour. 

What are the types of pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer can be divided into two categories based on where the tumour originates from, namely, exocrine pancreatic cancer and neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer. Each category has several types of cancer that may differ in their symptoms and prognosis.

Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer

Exocrine pancreatic cancers account for more than 95 percent of all pancreatic cancers. They develop from the exocrine cells that are composed of the exocrine gland and pancreatic ducts.

The following are the different types of exocrine pancreatic cancer:

• Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma, also known as ductal carcinoma, develops in the lining of the pancreatic ducts and is the most common type of pancreatic cancer that accounts for more than 90 percent of pancreatic cancers. 

However, the cancerous growth may also develop from the cells that create pancreatic enzymes, called acinar cell carcinoma, which accounts for 1 to 2 percent of exocrine cancers. 

Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss, skin rash, and joint pain. 

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is an extremely rare type of exocrine cancer that forms in the pancreatic ducts. It is entirely made up of squamous cells, which are not typically seen in the pancreas, indicating the metastatic stage of the disease with a poor prognosis.

• Adenosquamous Carcinoma

Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare type of pancreatic cancer that has the characteristics of both ductal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for about 1 to 4 percent of exocrine pancreatic cancers. Compared to adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma is a more aggressive tumour with a poorer prognosis.

• Colloid Carcinoma 

Colloid carcinoma is another rare type that accounts for about 1 to 3 per cent of exocrine pancreatic cancers. This type of cancer is less likely to spread to other organs, is easier to treat, and thus has a better prognosis.

Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer

Endocrine tumours are also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs) or islet cell tumours. They are much less common than exocrine tumours, accounting for about 7 percent of all pancreatic cancers. 

A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour can be functioning (produces hormones) or nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones). Functioning neuroendocrine tumours are named based on the type of hormone produced. 

The following are the different types of functional endocrine tumours and the respective hormones produced by them:

• Insulinoma (Insulin)
• Glucagonoma (Glucagon)
• Gastrinoma (Gastrin)
• Somatostatinoma (Somatostatin)
• VIPomas (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
• PPomas (Pancreatic Polypeptide)

Pancreatic cancer is very difficult to detect as the pancreas is located deep within your abdomen and is surrounded by many other organs, and detecting a tumour through a routine physical exam is highly unlikely. As a result, most pancreatic cancers are detected in their advanced stages after the cancer has spread to other organs.

After determining the type and stage of the cancer, treatment options are considered in accordance with the treatment protocols. While less advanced cancers may only require less invasive options, pancreatic cancer in its advanced stages frequently requires palliative treatment options. 

References:

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21743-pancreas#:~:text=The%20pancreas%20is%20an%20organ%20and%20a%20gland.,of%20sugar%20in%20your%20bloodstream.
• https://columbiasurgery.org/pancreas/pancreas-and-its-functions
• https://www.healthline.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/staging#stages
• https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/introduction
• https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/types
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/pancreatic-cancer/pancreatic-cancer-types#:~:text=Pancreatic%20cancer%20types%20can%20be,in%20their%20symptoms%20and%20prognosis.

One of the most common myths about any type of cancer is that it will show symptoms in its early stages. According to a recent hospital-based study from northern India, 90% of lung cancer patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. This delay in diagnostic evaluation leads to a delay in treatment. Delays in diagnosis and treatment eventually result in an increase in the mortality rate. Early detection will not only reduce mortality but will also improve quality of life after treatment.

Who is advised to get an early screening?

Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. As a result, those who smoke or used to smoke but do not currently exhibit any symptoms of lung cancer are at an increased risk of developing the disease. Therefore, early lung cancer screening is recommended for people who smoke or used to smoke, who have been exposed to secondhand smoke or radon gas, and those who have inhaled particulate matter( pollution, asbestos, etc.) for a long period of time in their lives.

How is Lung Cancer Diagnosed?

Any abnormal growth of cells or the presence of tumours can be found in medical studies, which include:

• Medical history and physical exam

 In order to learn about symptoms and potential risk factors, the doctor will enquire about the patient’s medical history. Additional tests, such as imaging and biopsies, may be carried out to ascertain whether lung cancer is present if the physical examination raises any concerns.

•  Chest x-ray 

As a first step in ruling out lung cancer, doctors use these tests. An X-ray will show any tumour as a grey-white mass, and it is difficult to determine if it is cancerous or not. More tests might be ordered by the doctor if anything unusual is found.

• Low dose CT Scans (LDCT)

A procedure that creates a series of precise images of various locations inside the body using a computer connected to an x-ray equipment that emits a very low dose of radiation. The images, which are obtained from various angles, are then used to provide 3-D depictions of the tissues and organs. 

• Computed tomography (CT) scan

In a CT scan, X-rays are used to do detailed imaging. A CT scan can quickly identify a lung tumour and also reveal its shape, size, and location. A CT scan can also show whether lung cancer has spread elsewhere.

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

MRI uses radio waves and string magnets rather than X-rays to produce detailed images of the body’s soft tissues.

• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

FDG, a type of radioactive sugar, is injected into the circulation and is taken up by the cells. More sugar tends to be absorbed by cancerous cells than by healthy cells. This helps in separating tumours from healthy cells.

• PET/CT scan

The doctor obtains a comprehensive image of the sites with increased radioactivity using a PET scan and a CT scan. This type of scan is able to evaluate how far cancer has spread and how successfully the current course of treatment is working. 

• Needle biopsy

A hollow needle is inserted in a suspicious area to get a small sample of the tissue, which is then studied under a microscope for the presence of tumours. Biopsies don’t involve any surgical incisions and are minimally invasive.

Cancer can result in the loss of health, confidence, time, and money for an individual. In advanced stages of cancer, life becomes very unpredictable. One might lose the courage to fight the battle over time. But early detection can increase the chances of victory against cancer. One can preserve their good health while eradicating cancer with minimal treatment approaches. Early detection will enhance the quality of life after treatment. Therefore, it is recommended to get screened for cancer within a span of 2 years.

References:

• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
• https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-what-causes
• https://moffitt.org/cancers/lung-cancer/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-small-cell-lung-cancer-non-small-cell-lung-cancer/
• https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/lung-cancer/stages
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-treatmen
• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

What is Lung Cancer?

When healthy cells in our body grow and multiply haphazardly, it leads to the formation of lumps or tumours. These can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Lung cancer results from malignant tumours in the lungs. Lung cancer accounts for more than 25 percent of all cancer-related deaths, making it the most common malignancy.

Based on the appearance of cells under the microscope, lung cancer can be of two types:

• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): It is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of all cases. It can be further classified into the following:
  • Adenocarcinoma: It forms in the outer parts of the lungs and grows slowly.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma: It develops in one of the lung’s airways (bronchi). It grows very slowly.
  • Large cell carcinoma: It grows rapidly and spreads faster than other non-small cell lung cancers. It is found in rare cases.

• Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): It is a less common type of lung cancer, comprising only 15% of all cases. It is also known as oat cancer. As the name indicates, small circular cells are found under the microscope. It is typically found in the bronchi of the lungs. Small cell lung cancer can be further classified as: 

• Small cell carcinoma: Cells look flat under the microscope.

Combined Small Cell Carcinoma: The tumour in this type consists of cells from small cell carcinoma and some non-small cell lung cancers.

What are Stages of Lung Cancer?

There are different stages for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer(SCLC).

NSCLC can be categorised into 6 stages.

• Occult stage: It is a hidden stage where imaging cannot detect the location or size of the tumour. It is usually the earliest stage where cancer hasn’t spread to other parts. However, sputum may reveal the presence of cancer cells.

• Stage 0: Abnormal cells can be detected in the lining of air passages, which can later turn into cancerous cells.

• Stage 1: The size of the tumour is about 3-4 cm. It is found only in the lungs and is not spread to other parts of the body.

• Stage 2: The size of the tumour is 5 cm or more. Additional tumours can be found in the same or different lobes of the lungs. 
• Stage 3: Cancer has spread to the adjacent organs such as chest wall, diaphragm or the nerve that controls the diaphragm, etc.

• Stage 4: The tumour is of any size and has spread to other organs. It has reached at least one organ far away from the lungs, like the kidney, liver, or brain.

SCLC can be categorised as follows:

• Limited-stage SCLC: The cancer has reached only one area of the chest.
• Extensive-stage SCLC: The cancer has spread throughout the lung or metastasized to another lung or spread to other organs like bones, liver, brain, etc.

What are the Symptoms of Lung Cancer?

Symptoms of lung cancer are:

• Pain or discomfort in the chest
• Lumps/enlarged lymph nodes in the lower neck

• Cough that persists and worsens

• Change in voice, hoarseness

• Wheezing

• Blood in sputum

• Difficulty in swallowing

• Swelling of veins in the neck and face

• Loss of Appetite

• Unexplained weight loss

• Fatigue

In severe cases, when it spreads to other parts of the body, it can also cause bone pain, confusion, seizures, and paralysis.

What Causes Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer is caused by breathing in toxic substances. Some of the toxic substances that cause lung cancer are:

• Cigarettes: It causes about 90% of all lung cancer cases. It consists of 250 harmful chemicals, of which 69 can cause cancer. People who don’t smoke are at a 20–30 percent higher risk of getting lung cancer when exposed to cigarette smoke(secondhand smoke).

• E-Cigarettes: These are electronic cigarettes containing nicotine, another toxic substance that can cause lung cancer.

• Radon: It is found in soil or rocks and emits radiation.This gas is tasteless, odourless, and colourless. It is the second biggest cause of lung cancer after cigarettes.

• Particle pollution: Toxic chemicals when inhaled are trapped inside the lungs, causing lung cancer. It occurs in people who are exposed to low quality air, which is usually present around industries that emit toxic gases into the atmosphere.

• Genes: Around 8% of lung cancers are caused when mutated genes are passed down from one generation to another.

There is no proven method to prevent lung cancer, but by inculcating a few healthy habits in daily life, like eating nutritious meals, exercising daily, and avoiding the above mentioned toxic substances, one can reduce the risk of its occurrence. Quitting smoking will definitely reduce the risk of lung cancer and many other diseases.

References:

• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
• https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-what-causes
• https://moffitt.org/cancers/lung-cancer/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-small-cell-lung-cancer-non-small-cell-lung-cancer/
• https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/lung-cancer/stages
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-treatment

Lung cancer was detected in more than 2.2 million people in the year 2020 worldwide. It is the most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women. The most common cancer in the world will certainly have some myths among people. Some of them are as follows:

Smoking is the only cause of Lung Cancer

Smoking is one of the biggest risk factors for lung cancer, accounting for about 90% of lung cancer cases. But it is not the only reason people get lung cancer. Non-smokers are also diagnosed with lung cancer due to various other factors such as exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, carcinogens like asbestos and arsenic, infections like HIV, genetic factors, etc.

The risk cannot be lowered in any way

There are numerous ways to reduce the risk of lung cancer, including quitting smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke, radon gas, carcinogens such as asbestos and arsenic, and instilling healthy habits in daily life such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and so on.

Lung Cancer occurs only in the older population

Approximately 10% of lung cancer cases in people occur under the age of 55, despite the average age of diagnosis being 70. Children can develop lung cancer too. Common cancers affecting people under the age of 35 are known as adenocarcinoma. Younger adults tend to recuperate more quickly than older adults with the same type and stage of cancer, despite the fact that their cancer is more advanced at the time of initial diagnosis.

Pollution accounts for more lung cancer cases than smoking

Lung cancer risk was found to be positively correlated with exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter. Even though pollution is a risk factor for lung cancer, it cannot overtake smoking as the leading cause of the disease. In comparison to any of these factors considered separately, the combination of pollution and smoking may turn out to be significantly more harmful to health.

Quitting is of no use to people who have smoked their entire lives

Smoking cessation can not only help to reduce the risk of lung cancer but also improve the quality of life. Quitting smoking is always preferable, regardless of how much or how long one has smoked. Even after a diagnosis of lung cancer, quitting can improve the effectiveness of therapy, boost survival, reduce the adverse effects of the medication, and speed up the healing process after surgery.

Surgery for lung cancer causes the disease to spread

No, having lung cancer surgery does not cause it to spread. Surgery is advised in the early stages of lung cancer to halt the spread by removing the growing tumour. If the cancer is in its advanced stage, then adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy or immunotherapy before surgery can significantly reduce the risk of having cancer cells in the blood. These treatment approaches increase the survival rate and reduce mortality.

Lung Cancer will always show symptoms

Unfortunately, this is not true. Lung cancer can be found in people who are completely asymptomatic or who have mild respiratory symptoms. This is one of the key reasons why lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals is crucial. Early diagnosis of lung cancer can improve the survival rates. Most patients are diagnosed with lung cancer in the later stages because there are no symptoms in the initial stages.

Every case of lung cancer is fatal

Early detection of lung cancer increases survival rates upto 60%. Even more advanced lung cancer cases now have a significantly better chance of long-term survival in some cases like in adenocarcinomas (cancer that starts in the mucous glands).

Antioxidant supplements protect against lung cancer

Although some studies suggest that various dietary antioxidants, like carotenoids and vitamin C, may offer protection against lung cancer, the overall conclusions are not entirely clear.

Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Is Safe

Vaping or using e-cigarettes is less dangerous than smoking, but it’s still not safe. Additionally, it could make lung cancer more prevalent.

By taking certain precautions, such as avoiding exposure to carcinogens by wearing masks or protective clothing, having the home tested for radon gas, quitting smoking, avoiding secondhand smoke, eating a healthy diet, and exercising on a regular basis, one can lower their risk of developing lung cancer.

References:

• 13 myths about lung cancer (medicalnewstoday.com)
• 6 Common Lung Cancer Myths And Facts That Everyone Should Know | MrMed
• Myths and Facts: How much do you know about lung cancer? : Jupiter Hospital

Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that usually develops in the squamous cells on the surface of the tongue. The symptoms usually include persistent ulcers or sores on the surface of the tongue, pain, and redness, among others.

The following are some of the most frequently asked questions about tongue cancer.

How can I know if I have tongue cancer? What are the early signs?

A painful lump or sore on the side of the tongue that bleeds easily and refuses to heal is one of the early indicators of tongue cancer. Other signs of tongue cancer may include the following:

• Persistent red or white patches on the tongue
• Persistent numbness and soreness in the mouth and throat
• Pain during swallowing
• Burning sensation of the tongue
• A lump in the neck
• Unexplained bleeding from the tongue

If you have any of the above symptoms or are at a higher risk of developing tongue cancer due to one or more risk factors, you should see a doctor and get regular dental check-ups.

Is tongue cancer painful?

Not all symptoms of tongue cancer may be associated with pain. However, pain in the mouth or tongue is a commonly observed symptom. Other painful symptoms include:

• Persistent pain in the mouth
• Speaking, chewing, or swallowing difficulties
• A painful or irritated throat that persists after a few days
• Pain in the neck or ears
• A persistent sensation of something stuck in the throat

Who is at risk of developing tongue cancer?

While anyone can get tongue cancer, some factors have been linked to an increased risk, including:

• Tobacco and alcohol abuse: People who consume large amounts of alcohol and smoke have a 30 times greater risk of developing tongue cancer than those who do not.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: HPV16 is often linked to oropharyngeal cancers, particularly those in the tonsils and at the base of the tongue.
• Gender: Men are twice as likely as women to have oral and oropharyngeal cancers.
• Age: Oral cancer is most commonly observed in people aged 55 or older. 

Genetic conditions: Certain genetic conditions, such as Fanconi anemia and Dyskeratosis congenital (rare conditions that affect the bone marrow), have a very high risk of developing mouth cancer.

How frequently should I get screened for tongue cancer?

Adults over the age of 20 should be screened every three years, and those over the age of 40 should be screened annually.

People with risk factors for mouth cancer, such as tobacco smoking, high alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and/or a family history of cancer, must get an annual oral cancer screening.

Early detection of oral cancer improves your chances of successful treatment. Hence, it is recommended to have regular oral cancer screenings that examine the entire mouth.

Is Tongue Cancer Treatable?

Tongue cancer is curable when detected early. Over time, the tumor may metastasize and spread to other parts of the mouth, other areas of the head and neck, or other parts of the body, and hence can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The treatment option may include any one or a combination of the following:

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Targeted therapy

Do treatments for tongue cancer cause side effects?

Treatments for tongue cancer may cause problems with your speech and difficulty eating and drinking. These could be permanent changes for some people.

Side effects differ from one person to another. However, a few of the most commonly occurring side effects are listed below:

• Fatigue
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Soreness of the mouth and throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Dry mouth
• Hoarseness of voice
• Altered sense of smell
• Changes in taste

How long do the side effects last?

The duration of side effects from oral cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the disease and the type of treatment. 

Some adverse effects may only last a few weeks or months, while others could last the rest of the patient’s life. If a feeding tube is needed following therapy, it may be removed after the patient is able to eat on his or her own. However, some speech difficulties may remain permanent.

References:

• https://moffitt.org/cancers/oral-cavity-or-throat-cancer/faqs/
• https://bit.ly/3MLE8DO
• https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/treatment/radiotherapy/side-effects

Oral cancer, often known as head and neck cancer, is one of the most fatal diseases. Smoking tobacco and other related substances are said to be one of the leading causes of mouth cancer. Various symptoms that we all encounter, when misdiagnosed, might mislead us, causing us to be unaware of the disease. As a result, it is imperative that we be aware of the common misconceptions concerning the disease. 

Here are four myths about tongue cancer and the relevant facts to clear them up:

Myth #1: Those who don’t smoke or use tobacco are not at risk of developing tongue cancer

Fact: While it is true that smoking raises your chances of developing tongue cancer, it is not the only possible cause.

Other causes of tongue cancer may include:

• Chronic Irritation by sharp tooth. 
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Weakened immune system
• Lichen planus (a skin condition that causes small, shiny, reddish bumps)

Fanconi anemia and Dyskeratosis congenita (rare, genetic conditions that affect the bone marrow)

Myth #2: Tongue cancer does not affect young people

Fact: Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers typically develop over many years, hence they are uncommon in young people. However, this does not rule out the possibility of cancer in the younger population.

Signs of tongue cancer may include: 

• Non-healing ulcer over the tongue for more than 3 weeks. 
• Persistent red or white patches on the tongue
• Persistent numbness and soreness in the mouth and throat
• Pain during swallowing
• Burning sensation of the tongue
• A lump in the neck
• Unexplained bleeding from the tongue

If you have any of the symptoms listed above, or if you have a higher risk of developing tongue cancer owing to one or more risk factors, you should see your doctor and have regular dental check-ups.

Myth #3: Tongue cancer does not recur after it has been treated

Fact: If you have had any type of oral cancer, you are at a higher chance of getting another.

That is why you must stay cautious even after you have been cured. A six-monthly check-up with your doctor is highly recommended.

Other signs of oral cancer to look for include:

• A sore that won’t go away. Most minor cuts and scrapes in the mouth heal on their own after a few weeks, but if one does not, see a doctor.
• A lump or a bulge, especially if it is growing in size.
• A red or white patch that bleeds when you touch it.
• The presence of loose teeth is often an indication of gum cancer.
• Speaking, chewing, or swallowing difficulties: Once a tumor has grown large enough, it may be painful to eat or speak, or you may not be able to move your tongue well enough to chew or swallow.
• Weight loss: Chewing and swallowing difficulties are commonly the causes of unexpected weight loss.

Myth #4: If the symptoms are painless, they are not a cause for concern

Fact: Since cancer is not usually painful at early stages and does not heal spontaneously, a sore that does not hurt and does not heal within a few weeks is definitely a cause of concern.

One of the most common symptoms of oral cancer is leukoplakia, the presence of white spots in the mouth. It is a precancerous lesion, indicating an increased risk of developing oral cancer.

There are other signs and symptoms of tongue cancer that may not cause significant pain but should be discussed with your physician if they do not heal on their own. 

In most cases, sore tongue and other tongue cancer symptoms are caused by less serious conditions other than cancer. However, any unusual tongue pain or other changes should be closely monitored, and the symptoms should be reported to a physician as soon as possible.

References:

• https://johnfornettidentalcenter.com/shares/oral-cancer-myths-and-facts/
• https://www.onlymyhealth.com/fourteen-myths-and-facts-about-oral-cancer-1619161614
• https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/4-myths-about-oral-cancer-symptoms.h00-159457689.html
• https://www.eehealth.org/blog/2020/02/oral-cancer/
• https://moffitt.org/cancers/oral-cavity-or-throat-cancer/faqs/what-are-the-first-signs-of-tongue-cancer/
• https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/mouth-cancer-risk-factors-prevention

A risk factor is something that raises a person’s risk of developing an illness like cancer. Different malignancies have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be adjusted, while others, such as a person’s age or family history, are unchangeable.

However, risk variables do not tell us everything because the presence of one or two risk factors does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease. Many of those who get the disease have few or no identified risk factors.

What are the Risk Factors for Tongue Cancer?

The following are a few of the risk factors associated with tongue cancer: 

Tobacco and alcohol abuse: Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are two of the most common causes of oral cancer. People who consume large amounts of alcohol and smoke have a 30 times greater risk of developing tongue cancer than those who do not. 

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and HPV16 is often linked to oropharyngeal cancers, particularly those in the tonsils and at the base of the tongue.

Gender: Men are twice as likely as women to have oral and oropharyngeal cancers.

Age: Cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx usually take many years to develop, so they are less common among young people. Oral cancer is most commonly observed in people aged 55 or older. 

Genetic conditions: Certain genetic conditions have a very high risk of developing mouth and throat cancer.

What are the symptoms of Tongue Cancer?

The symptoms of tongue cancer may include:

• Persistent red or white patches on the tongue
• Persistent numbness and soreness in the mouth and throat
• Pain during swallowing
• Burning sensation of the tongue
• A lump in the neck
• Unexplained bleeding from the tongue 

It is important to keep in mind that these symptoms could indicate a less serious medical problem. However, it is always recommended to get your symptoms checked by a doctor.

Can Tongue Cancer be Treated?

Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, in combination or alone, are the main treatments for tongue cancer. The treatment will be determined by the size and stage of the tumor. It also depends on the location of the tongue that is affected.

Surgery

Depending on the size of the tumor, the doctor may perform primary tumor resection (removing the tumor and an area of normal tissue around it) or glossectomy (removing a part or all of the tongue), followed by tongue reconstruction. To lower the risk of cancer recurrence, a neck dissection may be performed to remove the lymph nodes from one or both sides of your neck.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy destroys cancer cells by using high-energy waves similar to X-rays. It may be given on its own or combined with chemotherapy and surgery. 

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy destroys cancer cells by using cytotoxic (anti-cancer) drugs. The most commonly used drugs are cisplatin, fluorouracil (5FU), and carboplatin.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment in which medications are used to target certain genes and proteins in cancer cells that help them survive and proliferate.

They may include monoclonal antibodies such as Cetuximab and immunotherapeutic medicines such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab.

Early detection of cancer often results in improved treatment outcomes and lower morbidity and mortality. Though it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of tongue cancer, it is recommended to consult an oncologist if you notice any of the signs or symptoms of tongue cancer.

References:

• https://www.cancer.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
• https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/stages-types-grades/tongue-cancer/about
• https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tongue-cancer.html

Tongue cancer is the most common type of oral cancer worldwide, and it is still a serious health problem in many countries, with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Men are more likely to develop tongue cancer than women. 

Tongue cancer usually develops in the squamous cells on the surface of the tongue. Cancer can occur in two different areas of the tongue, such as the front of the tongue, as in tongue cancer, and the back of the tongue, as in oropharyngeal cancer. 

The prominent signs of tongue cancer are the presence of a sore on the tongue (that does not heal) and a painful tongue. Other symptoms include a hoarse voice, difficulty moving the jaw or tongue, neck or ear pain, a lump in the mouth, and thickening of the lining of the mouth. 

Tongue cancer symptoms are often similar to those of other oral cancers, and they may not be noticeable in the early stages. However, some of these symptoms can occur in people who do not have tongue cancer or another type of oral cancer. 

As a result, preliminary tests such as blood tests and biopsies to confirm the tumour’s malignancy and subsequent tumour staging are critical for accurate diagnosis and therapy.

 Stages of Tongue Cancer

Treatment for tongue cancer begins with evaluating the stage of the tumour. The stage of tongue cancer is determined by the size of the tumour, the number of lymph nodes involved, and if the disease has metastasized.

The TNM System:

The TNM System is a standard method for describing the progression of cancer. The letters of the TNM System stand for the following:

T: To determine the size of the tumor. 

N: To assess whether the lymph nodes in the neck have become malignant or not.

M: To indicate whether the malignancy has progressed to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, bones, or liver.

Your oncologist will assign an X to your T, N, or M stages, which are numerical numbers ranging from 0 to 4. Stage groupings are these letter and number combinations and are used to determine the stage of your cancer.

Each TNM category, with its assigned value, falls into one of these stages.

• Stage 0 Oral cancer
• Stage 1 Oral cancer
• Stage 2 Oral cancer
• Stage 3 Oral cancer
• Stage 4 Oral cancer
• Recurrent Oral Cancer

Tongue cancer can also be graded as low, moderate, or high grade to indicate how quickly the cancer is progressing and how likely it is to spread to other parts of the body.

References:

• https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/oral-cancer/oral-cancer-staging.html
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322519
• https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tongue-cancer.html

What Is Esophageal Cancer?

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive type of cancer of the esophagus (the long tube connecting the throat and stomach). It is the sixth most common cause of death all over the world. The cancer of the esophagus initially arises in the lining of the esophageal wall and occurs anywhere along the length of the tube.

The incidence and occurrence of this cancer vary geographically. Men are more prone to this cancer than women. Risk factors that may lead to esophageal cancer include obesity, consumption of alcohol, use of tobacco, a low-fiber diet, etc.

What Are the Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer?

At its onset, esophageal cancer remains asymptomatic. However, as it advances, it shows symptoms such as:

• Weight loss
• Difficulty swallowing
• Heartburn
• Coughing,
• Pain in the chest or pressure or burning of the chest 
• Indigestion

What Causes Esophageal Cancer?

The exact cause of esophageal cancer is unknown. However, it may be due to changes in DNA mutations that result in the uncontrolled growth of its cells.

What Are the Risk Factors Associated with Esophageal Cancer?

• Advancing age
• Gender – Men are more likely to develop it than women 
• Tobacco and alcohol
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Barrett’s esophagus
• Diet
• Physical activity
• Obesity

How Many Stages in Esophageal Cancer?

Once a patient is diagnosed with esophageal cancer, the seriousness of the cancer is determined by staging, which helps the healthcare worker in delivering the best treatment. There are five stages in esophageal cancer:

• Stage 0 – Also called high-grade dysplasia, here, the disease has just developed but is confined to the esophageal lining.
• Stage 1 – In this initial stage, the cancer has spread deeper into the esophageal tissues but has not reached any organs or lymph nodes.
• Stage 2 – The cancer has reached the deep-set tissues of the esophageal wall and may affect lymph nodes near the esophagus.
• Stage 3 – The disease has spread beyond the lymph nodes and tissues near the esophageal wall but does not affect the organs. This stage is characterized by difficulty in swallowing and throat pain.
• Stage 4 – In this last stage, the cancer has spread and metastasized to other organs of the body.

How to Detect Esophageal Cancer?

Early detection is the key to the better survival of esophageal cancer patients. The screening includes a biopsy (sample of esophageal cells for any abnormality), imaging tests, and thorough examination. If cancer is detected, further staging tests are done to determine its severity.

What Is the Treatment for Esophageal Cancer?

The type of treatment depends on the stage of cancer. Surgery can be performed if the cancer has been detected early, i.e., before it has spread to other parts. Chemotherapy (use of chemicals) is employed before or after surgery to reduce cancer cells. Radiotherapy (use of high-energy radiation) is also utilized along with chemotherapy to prevent advanced symptoms.

Is Esophageal Cancer Curable?

Yes, esophageal cancer is curable if detected early, but the cure rate is low. Its curability depends on factors like the stage the cancer was detected at and how early it was detected. Stage 4 patients have a low chance of survival. They might have between a few months to one year to live.

Faq’s

1. What are the early signs of esophageal cancer?
   The early signs of esophageal cancer include:
   • Difficulty in swallowing
   • Regurgitating food after swallowing
   • Weight gain
   • Chest pain
   • Hoarse voice
   • A feeling of something being stuck in the chest
2. Can MRI detect esophageal cancer?
   Yes, oesophageal cancer can be detected by MRI. This is a very useful technique for detecting esophageal cancer and detecting whether it has spread to other organs of the body (metastases). It is better than a CT scan, as it shows better soft-tissue contrast with a clear image.
3. How to prevent esophageal cancer?
   Esophageal cancer can be prevented in various ways, including:
   • Consuming less alcohol
   • Avoid smoking
   • If you are suffering from gastroesophageal disease and have frequent heartburn consult a doctor
   • Maintaining a healthy body weight
   • Consuming fruits and vegetables regularly
   • Physical activity
4. Can acid reflux cause esophageal cancer?
   Yes, gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) can lead to esophageal cancer. If left untreated, it can turn into a serious condition that can damage the inner lining of the esophagus, which might ultimately lead to esophageal cancer. Patients with GERD for a long time must let the doctor know about it.
5. Is esophageal cancer rare?
   Esophageal cancer is not a common type of cancer. Statistics in India have shown 47,000 new cases arise every year, and about 42,000 deaths occur every year. Also, it has been reported that the northeast region of India shows more prevalence of this cancer. Among the two types of esophageal cancer, adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, the former is more common.

References:

• https://www.medicinenet.com/how_curable_is_cancer_of_the_esophagus/article.html
• https://www.carti.com/health-insights/esophageal-cancer-risk-3-to-4-times-greater-for-men-than-women/#:~:text=Risk%20factors%20known%20to%20be,use%3B%20obesity%3B%20and%20diet
• https://www.everydayhealth.com/esophageal-cancer/progression-of-esophageal-cancer.aspx

What Is Tongue Cancer?

Tongue cancer is a type of cancer that affects the different types of cells of the tongue. There are many types of tongue cancers. They are differentiated and diagnosed based on the type of cells that are affected. Tongue cancer can be considered a type of head and neck cancer. It can occur at the base of the tongue (near the throat) or in the oral part of the tongue. Symptoms and treatment also vary depending on the position of cancer on the tongue. Sometimes tongue cancers can be associated with a viral infection due to the Human papillomavirus (HPV).

What are the symptoms of tongue cancer?

Tongue cancer symptoms depend on the area where the cancer is located. The most common early tongue cancer symptom is a sore on the tongue that does not heal and can bleed. Other symptoms include pain while swallowing, sore throat, mouth numbness, and a lump on the tongue.

What Causes Tongue Cancer?

The exact cause of tongue cancer is unknown, but certain behaviours and conditions can increase the risk. Some of them are:

• Smoking
• Chewing tobacco
• Drinking alcohol
• Family history of tongue cancer
• Poor oral hygiene 
• Poor quality of diet that is low in fruits and vegetables.
• History of other types of cancers

How Many Stages are in Tongue Cancer?

There are five tongue cancer stages. Starting from 0 and going up to 4. 

• Stage 0 is the beginning of cancer. It is usually an abnormality that has the potential to be cancer.
• Stage 1 to 3 is defined by the size of the tumour.
• Stage 4 is when cancer spreads to other parts.

How to Detect Tongue Cancer?

A physician performs a physical examination first to check for signs of cancer. Then various laboratory examinations are done to confirm the diagnosis of tongue cancer. Some of the tests include X-ray, CT, MRI, tongue biopsy, HPV test, tongue scrape biopsy, endoscopy, barium swallow, and PET-CT scan. All of them are not required for diagnosis.

What is the Treatment for Tongue Cancer?

Tongue cancer treatment depends on the size of the tumour. Surgery is most commonly done to remove the tumour, especially if it is on the front part of the tongue. If it is on the back of the throat part of the tongue, it requires a combination of radiation and chemotherapy.

Is Tongue Cancer Curable?

Tongue cancer has a high chance of being curable if it is detected in the early stages. But, if it is not diagnosed at the right time, tongue cancer can spread to other parts of the body and it can be fatal. Once it spreads, it will be extremely difficult to treat.

Can tongue cancer recur after treatment?

It depends on the type of tongue cancer. If the tongue cancer is poorly differentiated, meaning the type of cells that are affected are not clear, then the chances of recurrence are high. Such cancers can come back even after surgery. Well-differentiated cancer has a low chance of coming back.

Does tongue cancer hurt?

Tongue cancer most commonly begins as a sore on the mouth, which can be very painful. Other noticeable signs such as lumps and ulcers on the tongue can also hurt. Depending on the position of cancer on the tongue, you can feel painful symptoms like sore throat, pain while swallowing, etc.

Is tongue cancer fatal?

Tongue cancer can be fatal if it is not detected and treated in the early stages. Without immediate treatment and surgery, cancer can likely spread to other organs. At that point, surgery or chemotherapy cannot remove all the cancer cells. Then, it can be fatal.

Is tongue cancer contagious?

Any kind of cancer, like tongue cancer, is not contagious. They do not spread from person to person by touching. Some cancers can be caused by certain viral infections. These viruses can spread to other people, which has the potential to cause cancer. But, it is not common.

Can smoking cause tongue cancer?

Yes, smoking cigarettes is one of the most common causes of tongue and oral cancers. Tobacco contains carcinogens (agents that are responsible for causing cancers). These substances highly increase the risk of various cancers, including tongue cancer. Smoking is also responsible for other types of cancers.

Consult our medical experts for a free second opinion.

References:

• https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/stages-types-grades/tongue-cancer/treatment
• https://www.webmd.com/cancer/tongue-cancer-facts
• https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/oral-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis
• https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/stages-types-grades/tongue-cancer/about